library(tidyverse)
library(skimr)

For this lab, do the following tasks on the hotels dataset (see the full data dictionary below).

Analysis

  1. Check out the hotels dataset (again), this time using skim().

  2. Are people traveling on a whim (i.e., are they travelling on short lead times)?

  3. How many bookings involve at least 1 child or baby?

  4. Do you think it’s more likely to find bookings with children or babies in city hotels or resort hotels?

  5. Create a frequency table of the number of adults in a booking.

  6. Create a frequency table of the number of canceled bookings.

  7. Calculate minimum, mean, median, and maximum average daily rate (adr) grouped by hotel type so that you can get these statistics separately for resort and city hotels.

  8. Explain two unusual values in the summary statistics above: a negative minimum; and a very high maximum.

  9. Plot the average ADR for each arrival month, separated by city vs resort hotel type. Here’s a rather unimpressive example:

average adr

  1. As a final practice exercise, unrelated to the analysis above, write a function that receives three numbers as arguments and returns the average of those three numbers. Then, write a code segment that calls that function to compute the average of the numbers 1, 2, and 3 (the return value should be 2).

Data dictionary

Below is the full data dictionary. Note that it is long (there are lots of variables in the data), but we will be using a limited set of the variables for our analysis.

variable class description
hotel character Hotel (H1 = Resort Hotel or H2 = City Hotel)
is_canceled double Value indicating if the booking was canceled (1) or not (0)
lead_time double Number of days that elapsed between the entering date of the booking into the PMS and the arrival date
arrival_date_year double Year of arrival date
arrival_date_month character Month of arrival date
arrival_date_week_number double Week number of year for arrival date
arrival_date_day_of_month double Day of arrival date
stays_in_weekend_nights double Number of weekend nights (Saturday or Sunday) the guest stayed or booked to stay at the hotel
stays_in_week_nights double Number of week nights (Monday to Friday) the guest stayed or booked to stay at the hotel
adults double Number of adults
children double Number of children
babies double Number of babies
meal character Type of meal booked. Categories are presented in standard hospitality meal packages:
Undefined/SC – no meal package;
BB – Bed & Breakfast;
HB – Half board (breakfast and one other meal – usually dinner);
FB – Full board (breakfast, lunch and dinner)
country character Country of origin. Categories are represented in the ISO 3155–3:2013 format
market_segment character Market segment designation. In categories, the term “TA” means “Travel Agents” and “TO” means “Tour Operators”
distribution_channel character Booking distribution channel. The term “TA” means “Travel Agents” and “TO” means “Tour Operators”
is_repeated_guest double Value indicating if the booking name was from a repeated guest (1) or not (0)
previous_cancellations double Number of previous bookings that were cancelled by the customer prior to the current booking
previous_bookings_not_canceled double Number of previous bookings not cancelled by the customer prior to the current booking
reserved_room_type character Code of room type reserved. Code is presented instead of designation for anonymity reasons
assigned_room_type character Code for the type of room assigned to the booking. Sometimes the assigned room type differs from the reserved room type due to hotel operation reasons (e.g. overbooking) or by customer request. Code is presented instead of designation for anonymity reasons
booking_changes double Number of changes/amendments made to the booking from the moment the booking was entered on the PMS until the moment of check-in or cancellation
deposit_type character Indication on if the customer made a deposit to guarantee the booking. This variable can assume three categories:
No Deposit – no deposit was made;
Non Refund – a deposit was made in the value of the total stay cost;
Refundable – a deposit was made with a value under the total cost of stay.
agent character ID of the travel agency that made the booking
company character ID of the company/entity that made the booking or responsible for paying the booking. ID is presented instead of designation for anonymity reasons
days_in_waiting_list double Number of days the booking was in the waiting list before it was confirmed to the customer
customer_type character Type of booking, assuming one of four categories:
Contract - when the booking has an allotment or other type of contract associated to it;
Group – when the booking is associated to a group;
Transient – when the booking is not part of a group or contract, and is not associated to other transient booking;
Transient-party – when the booking is transient, but is associated to at least other transient booking
adr double Average Daily Rate as defined by dividing the sum of all lodging transactions by the total number of staying nights
required_car_parking_spaces double Number of car parking spaces required by the customer
total_of_special_requests double Number of special requests made by the customer (e.g. twin bed or high floor)
reservation_status character Reservation last status, assuming one of three categories:
Canceled – booking was canceled by the customer;
Check-Out – customer has checked in but already departed;
No-Show – customer did not check-in and did inform the hotel of the reason why
reservation_status_date double Date at which the last status was set. This variable can be used in conjunction with the Reservation Status to understand when was the booking canceled or when did the customer checked-out of the hotel